Brigadier General Albion P. Howe - American Civil War

Does a Violent Media create a Violent Society Essay

Does a Violent Media create a Violent Society? This issue is one of constant debate, with no real solution. There are many things society as a whole and individuals can do to appease or inflame the issue, however each argument has a counter argument and a counter argument will exist for that and so on. Because it is an issue of such heated debate with no answer or possibility of an answer should we just leave the issue be and choose not to address it further? Or should we make the issue widely known so society is more aware of the role the media can play. Or perhaps we should leave it to the media to publicise that. After all the media does have a strong influence. Take the late 1980s film Terminator, one of the highest†¦show more content†¦We see footage of car-wreck, murder scenes and hear of graphic telling of ones untimely demise. We take this information in, absorb it as real life, and perhaps over time become de-sensitised to these effects as we see them on the news. The news is a medium which is there to present the facts of the events during the day. A real account of what happened. We understand that Brian Naylor, David Johnston and Mal Waldon are telling us what happened, In Real Life. Some may claim de-sensitisation to these events in real life, due to seeing them on the news. I can speak from experience that no amount of news footage, re-creations, re-enactments or re-telling of a car accident could have prepared me for what I saw, a minor incident, while driving home from Bairnsdale. Others claim that violence existed before TV and Films, and perhaps an even more violent society. Take the Delinquents (again) for example. The brutal beating delivered to Brownie in public. That sort of punishment was accepted. Today it would be labelled child abuse. The real life media, the news has opened our eyes to the danger of these types of relationships and how they can distort peoples perception in the future. A persons perception of ANY event is uniquely their own, Shacter describes emotions as a subjective experience felt by a person as a result of their cognitive interpretation of physiological change. This is backed up by manyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Gerard JonesViolent Media Is Good For Kids912 Words   |  4 Pageswatch is a very controversial one. With media access so obtainable these days, violent media is practical everywhere. Many writers take a stand on this, and give an opinion of how the matter should be handled. Gerard Jones and John Leo both argue their case on how the approach towards how the situation should be handed. Jones argues that violent media is good for children, since it gives them a way to escape the harsh reality; however, Leo argues that violent media is a main source for many of the disturbingRead MoreThe Effect of Violence in Media on Children Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pages male development, or deprivation .The violence that is portrayed in the media has been debated for decades ,and it has rose a question about how does it influence the youth?. From movies to video games society has been accustom to seeing violence in their everyday entertainment. Since children are easy to be influence by their environment, it is safe to say that violence in the media can and will contribute to violent behavior. According, to the pediatrics journal, they have conducted a studyRead MoreAs Technology Has Evolved So Has The Way We, As A Society,1411 Words   |  6 Pagesway we, as a society, consume media. If we look back through history, we can see violent imagery portrayed in books and art. 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Whereas some are convinced that it is a healthy alternative for kids to express themselves, others maintain that it causes kidsRead MoreResearch Paper Outline on Violence in Media Contributes to Violence in Children888 Words   |  4 PagesResearch paper outline/Annotated bibliography Introduction The media is generally seen by people as a way of conveying the truth. If something is seen on TV, has been heard on the radio or something has been read in the newspapers then it is perceived as being the truth. Throughout history the media has been used as a tool to convey different messages to people. The issue of the behavior of children when exposed to violence on media has been an issue to be debated upon and studied for a very longRead MoreShould Violent Media Be Banned Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesShould violent media be banned? Many teenagers are now being introduced into playing or watching violent media at very young ages and society are wondering if they should be concerned about it; they are wondering whether it can cause aggressive behaviour within the children/teenagers. Violent video games and violent action films normally have age restriction son them so that children under the age of 15 or in some cases 18 cannot buy them. You see many teenagers with these games and moviesRead MoreViolence in the Media Essay1418 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in the Media In today’s world, there is an endless amount of information available to people everywhere around the globe. Mass media is definitely shaping our world, whether it is in a positive way or a negative way. Television and the radio waves provide us with hours of entertainment. The emergence of the Internet allows us to access thousands of pages of information within the reach our very own fingertips. But with the convenience of all this information comes along a certain levelRead MoreViolence in Television, Movies, and Video Games Should Not Be Censored1653 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision, movies, and video games have a great influence on the minds of todays youth. But, what exactly are the effects of such an influence? Certain people have exaggerated the effects that these media have on todays youth. Many people, including government officials, have singled out these three media sources as the cause of some types of violence simply because it is an easy target for laying the b lame. The truth is that television, movies, and video games are nowhere near the actual causes forRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Our Society1566 Words   |  7 Pagesviolence, domestic violence, hate violence, terrorist violence, and violence displaced through various forms of the media. This research will be on violence in the media and does it affect our society. 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Market Timing and Capital Structure for Baker and Wurgler Free Essays

It is well known that firms are more likely to issue equity when their market values are high, relative to book and past market values, and to repurchase equity when their market values are low. We document that the resulting effects on capital structure are very persistent. As a consequence, current capital structure is strongly related to historical market values. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Timing and Capital Structure for Baker and Wurgler or any similar topic only for you Order Now The results suggest the theory that capital structure is the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market. Introduction â€Å"Equity market timing† refers to the practice of issuing shares at high prices and repurchasing shares at low prices. Equity market timing appears to be an important aspect of real corporate financial policy. In this paper, BW ask how equity market timing effects capital structure and whether it has a short-run or long-run impact. The variation in market-to-book ratio is a proxy for manager’s perceptions of misevaluation. The main finding is that low leverage firms are those that raised funds when their market valuations were high (measured by the book-to-market ratio), while high leverage firms are those that raised funds when their market valuations were low. The influence of past market valuations in capital structure is economically significant and statistically robust. The influence of past market valuations on capital structure is also quite persistent, this means that they have a long-run impact. The tradeoff theory predicts that temporary fluctuations in the market-to-book ratio or any other variable should have temporary effects. The evidence however indicates long-term effects as well. The standard pecking-order theory implies that periods of high investment will push leverage higher toward a debt capacity, not lower as the results in this paper suggest. The theory of entrenched managers suggests that managers exploit existing investors ex post by not rebalancing the capital structure with debt, this may be an explanation of the findings in this paper. 1. Capital structure and past market valuations Individual financing decisions depend on market-to-book ratios. Does market-to-book affects capital structure through net equity issues as market timing implies? And does market-to-book has persistent effects that help to explain the cross section of leverage? Data and summary statistics. Table I shows that book leverage decreases sharply following the IPO. Over the next 10 years, it rises slightly, while market value leverage rises more strongly. The book leverage trend is an age effect, not a survival effect. Most notable is the sharp switch to debt finance in the year following in the IPO. Under BW’s definitions for financing activity, the change in assets is equal to the sum of net debt issues, net equity issues, and newly retained earnings. The concurrent increase in equity issues is suggestive of market timing. Determinants of annual changes in leverage BW document the net effect of market-to-book on the annual change in leverage. Then they decompose the change in leverage to examine whether the effects comes through net equity issues, as market timing implies. Three control variables are used that have been found to be correlated to leverage: Asset tangibility, profitability, and firm size. BW regress each component (equity issues, debt issues, and newly retained earnings) of changes in leverage on the market-to-book ratio and other independent variables. This allows them to determine whether market-to-book affects leverage through net equity issues, as market timing implies. The effect of market-to-book on changes in leverage does indeed come through equity issues. Panel C shows that market-to-book is not strongly related to retained earnings, ruling out the possibility that market-to-book affects leverage because it forecasts earnings. The effect of profitability on changes in leverage arises primarily because of retained earnings. Firm size plays an important role at the time of the IPO. Determinants of leverage. If managers do not rebalance to some target leverage ratio, market timing may have persistent effects, and historical valuations will help to explain why leverage ratios differ. The relevant historical variation in market valuations is measured by the â€Å"external finance weighted-average† market-to-book ratio. This variable takes high values for firms that raised external finance when the market-to-book ratio was high and vice-versa. The intuitive motivation for this weighting scheme is that external financing events represent practical opportunities to change leverage. It therefore gives more weight to valuations that prevailed when significant external financing decisions were being made, whether those decisions ultimately went toward debt or equity. This weighted average is better than a set of lagged market-to-book ratios because it picks out, for each firm, precisely which lags (intervals) are likely to be the most relevant. Intuitively the weights correspond to times when capital structure was most likely to be changed. When firms go public, their capital structure reflects a number of factors, including market-to-book, asset tangibility, size, and research and development intensity. As firms age, the cross-section of leverage is more and more explained by past financing opportunities, as determined by the market-to-book ratio, and past opportunities to accumulate retained earnings, as determined by profitability. Historical within-firm variation in market-to-book, not current cross-firm variation, is more important in explaining the cross section of leverage. The results from Table III and IV show that the effect of historical valuations on leverage is large and separate from various effects documented in prior literature. Persistence So far two main results have been documented. First, high market valuations reduce leverage in the short run. Second, historically high market valuations are associated with lower leverage in the cross section. By measuring changes from the leverage prevailing in the year before the IPO, the dependent variable includes the effect of the IPO itself. This is useful because the IPO is a critical financing event known to be connected to market value. Historical market valuations have large and very persistent effects on capital structure. This effect is independent of various control variables. 2. Discussion Tradeoff theory In perfect and efficient markets capital structure is irrelevant. Some of the imperfections that lead to an optimal tradeoff are as follows: Higher taxes on dividends indicate more debt, higher non-debt tax shields indicate less debt, higher costs of financial distress indicate more equity, agency problems can call for more or less debt. The market-to-book ratio can be connected to several elements of the tradeoff theory but it is most commonly attached to costly financial distress. The key testable prediction of the tradeoff theory is that capital structure eventually adjusts to changes in the market-to-book ratio. However, evidence indicated that variation in the market-to-book ratio has a decades-long impact on capital structure. BW’s results make the point that a considerable fraction of cross-sectional variation in leverage has nothing to do with an optimal leverage ratio. Pecking order theory In the pecking order theory there is no optimal capital structure. The static model predicts that managers will follow a pecking-order (internal, debt, equity). The pecking order theory regards the market-to-book ratio as a measure of investment opportunities. Periods of high investment opportunities will tend to push leverage higher toward a debt capacity. However, to the extent that high past market-to-book actually coincides with high past investments, BW’s results suggest that such periods tend to push leverage lower. The dynamic version predicts a relationship between leverage and future investment opportunities. BW’s results control for current market-to-book and show that leverage is much more strongly determined by past values of market-to-book. Managerial entrenchment theory High valuations and good investment opportunities facilitate equity finance, but at the same time allow managers to become entrenched. They may then refuse to raise debt to rebalance in later periods. Market timing theory Capital structure evolves as the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market. There are two versions of equity market timing. The first is a dynamic form with rational managers and investors and adverse selection costs that vary across firms or across time. Temporary fluctuations in the market-to-book ratio measure variations in adverse selection (information asymmetry). The second version of equity market timing involves irrational investors or managers and time-varying mispricing. If managers try to exploit too-extreme expectations, net equity issues will be positively related to market-to-book. The critical assumption is that markets need not be inefficient, managers may simply believe that they can time the market. 3. Conclusion A variety of evidence suggests that equity market timing is an important aspect of real financial policy. This evidence comes from analyses of actual financing decisions, analyses of long-run returns following equity issues and repurchases, analyses of realized and forecast earnings around equity issues, and surveys of managers. We find that fluctuations in market valuations have large effects on capital structure that persist for at least a decade. The most realistic explanation for the results is that capital structure is largely the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market. How to cite Market Timing and Capital Structure for Baker and Wurgler, Papers

Lament for the Makaris free essay sample

â€Å"Lament for the Makaris† is a poem in twenty-five stanzas, each of four lines with a rhyme scheme of aabb and a recurring refrain. Although written in a ballad form, William Dunbar’s poem is actually a meditation on serious moral and religious issues, including what for his time would have been the most important of all, the afterlife. The poem is about mutability and transition, including the transition from life to death, and what the human response to those changes should be. Death is a central concern because, as Dunbar notes in his repeated refrain, â€Å"Timor mortis conturbat me†: â€Å"The fear of death confounds me. In order to emphasize the shifting, uncertain nature of the world, Dunbar points out that the powerful and educated are subject to death. Neither position, wealth, nor learning will protect a person from the inevitable end. Dunbar then narrows his focus from the broader society to a very specialized group with whom he was familiar, the â€Å"makaris† (poets of Scotland and England) who have died. We will write a custom essay sample on Lament for the Makaris or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is a further twist, for the poem’s subtitle is â€Å"Quhen He Wes Sek† (when he was sick), and it has been speculated that Dunbar may have himself been very ill at the time the poem was composed. At such a time, meditation on life and, especially, death would be expected. This would be particularly true for Dunbar, who was a priest, most likely in the Franciscan order. â€Å"Lament for the Makaris† is written in the dialect known as â€Å"Middle Scots,† which was the traditional literary language of Scotland during the period from the latter half of the fifteenth century through the early part of the seventeenth century. Middle Scots and English derived from essentially the same sources; their syntactic patterns are almost identical. The major differences are in vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling, and these differences are clearly evident in â€Å"Lament for the Makaris. † Dunbar has been regarded by many scholars and critics as the finest lyric poet in the British Isles in the period between Geoffrey Chaucer and Sir Thomas Wyatt, and this work clearly displays his ability to produce a consistent, powerful, and moving poem that combines genuine sensitivity and insight with a high level of poetic technique and skill. The individual lines are relatively short, each having four main stresses, but Dunbar avoids the sense of choppiness or abruptness that readers sometimes find in a similar, nearly contemporary poet, the Englishman John Skelton. As Dunbar constructs his poem, the central theme of mutability and death is introduced; then the topic is further considered by a roll call of famous Scots and English writers who have died; finally, Dunbar closes the poem by acknowledging that he, too, will die and noting that such is the common fate of all human beings. For that reason, he concludes, people must do their best to live proper lives. Forms and Devices Dunbar is an extremely skilled and competent poet, and â€Å"Lament for the Makaris† is a carefully constructed work. There are twenty-five stanzas, each of four lines of rhyming couplets with a running refrain, â€Å"Timor mortis conturbat me. † This pattern, which developed in earlier French court poetry and was transported to England and Scotland, is known technically as â€Å"kyrielle† verse. The refrain is from the religious ceremony known as the Offices for the Dead, and its repetition at the end of each stanza drives home one of the poem’s central points: In the midst of life one is surrounded by death and should live accordingly. For a moralizing, religious poet such as Dunbar, this point entailed opposing a carpe diem (seize the day) philosophy; instead of living for the moment, people should constantly and consistently behave well in order to deserve a life after death. By using this running refrain and by restricting his verses to quatrains, Dunbar has imposed a limit on himself: He has, essentially, only three relatively short lines (four strong beats per line is his pattern) in which to present his meaning in each stanza. Further, since each stanza ends with the refrain, his rhyme scheme is limited, since line 3 must always match the â€Å"conturbat me† of the final line. The overall impact of the repetition and inevitable rhymes is to emphasize the repetitive and inevitable natures of change and death themselves, which constantly recur in human life. Dunbar’s syntax is simple and direct. He uses a number of parallel constructions, especially in the earlier, establishing portion of the poem. Stanza 8, for example, compares the â€Å"campion in the stour,† the â€Å"capitane closit in the tour,† and the â€Å"lady in bour. These three people are similar in having privileged positions in late medieval society; they are also all similar in being subject to inevitable death. This parallelism is found elsewhere in the poem, again emphasizing the transitory nature of existence. Human beings, Dunbar notes in stanza 3, are â€Å"Now sound, now seik, now blith, now sary [sorry]/ Now dansand mery, now like to dee [die]. † The language of the poem suggests that these changes occur with such speed that they may in fact eem simultaneous states: A person is happy and alive one moment, sick or even dead the next. The metrical pattern of the poem reinforces this sense of inevitable change. Like the syntax, it is simple, even basic. The essential, almost unvarying, rhythmic pattern gives four strong stresses to each line—one of the oldest and most consistent metrical forms in English and Scots literature. Its presence here serves a dual purpose: to underscore the sense of inevitability and to link this specific poem with other verse from the past. This latter point becomes important during the long central section of the poem, in which Dunbar commemorates and laments the other â€Å"makaris† or poets who have died. The rhyme pattern also helps give the poem a sense of inevitable pattern. The regularity of the aabb scheme encourages the reader to expect the same message to be repeated from stanza to stanza, and the recurring refrain further emphasizes this sense of continuity and human mortality. Themes and Meanings The themes of â€Å"Lament for the Makaris† may be found in the very pattern of the poem itself. Dunbar constructed his poem in order to examine, in logical progression, the various forms of mutability in this temporal existence, especially as they affect his fellow poets. Stanzas 1 through 12 are concerned with mutability in general. In particular, stanzas 1 through 4 function as a sort of introduction, first telling readers that the poet, once healthy and happy, is â€Å"trublit now with gret seiknes. † This leads him to consider in stanza 5 how changeable the human condition is, especially in its final change, from life to death: â€Å"On to the ded gois all Estatis. In stanzas 6 through 11 Dunbar works out in some detail how all stations and conditions of human life are subject to this iron law. The poem specifically details how knights, clerks (that is, scholars), physicians, noble women, magicians, astrologers, rhetoricians, logicians, and even theologians are not spared from death. No matter how great their position or extensive their knowledge, they all must share the common human fate. So must poets, as Dunbar acknowledges in stanza 12: â€Å"I se that makaris,† he admits, are among those who â€Å"gois to graif. For the remainder of the poem, except for a concluding stanza, he focuses on a list of twenty-four Scots and English poets who have died. He begins with three of the most prominent, whose work had an influence on his own poetry: Geoffrey Chaucer, John Lydgate, and John Gower. Although their verse is immortal, they have been devoured by death. So have others, and the poem catalogs them, a list of the more notable â€Å"makaris† of the British Isles of the period. Although the emphasis is on Scots writers, Dunbar’s cosmopolitan outlook is shown by the inclusion of a number of English writers as well. Finally, Dunbar concludes the list by bringing it up to his own time, noting that his contemporary poet, Walter Kennedy â€Å"In poynt of dede lyis veraly. † With this, the poem uses its final two stanzas to bring the work back to its underlying theme: that the transition from life to death is not to be escaped by any human being, including William Dunbar: â€Å"Sen he hes all my brether tane,/ He will nocht lat me lif alane† (Since he has all my brethren taken,/ He will not let me live alone). The only recourse is to prepare for death—to deserve salvation in the next world, since there is no permanence in this one.

Anglo thought and Anti-Mexican sentiment Essay Example

Anglo thought and Anti-Mexican sentiment Paper As he explains that to the Native Americans, the Spaniards came like most c[r]uel Tygres, Wolves and Lions, enragd with a sharp and tedious hunger, (75). This paints a picture of an ignorant and bestial Spain that colonized the Americas without second thought to those who had come before. Certainly, we are taught this image of the colonizing Spain, even today; we are told that the Native Americans were quiet lambs, endued with such blessed qualities, before the Spanish arrived and destroyed this peace. So, we know how the stereotypes began, and how they spread across continents. Beginning with printed propaganda, and spread, perhaps to a great extent, through the self-criticisms of the Spanish. This seems to be the best theory towards the genesis of the pervasive negativity of Anglo-Americans toward Mexican and Hispanic thought and culture. More importantly, however, Powells hypothesis to the cause of this hatred acts as a warning for Western countries now facing the same situation. It seems apparent that the privilege of the Americas currently is relative to that of Spain in the sixteenth century. With such power, comes great responsibility. We will write a custom essay sample on Anglo thought and Anti-Mexican sentiment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Anglo thought and Anti-Mexican sentiment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Anglo thought and Anti-Mexican sentiment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hopefully in understanding the errors of the past, future generations can avoid repeating them. While this theory seems to cover the origins of Anti-Mexican sentiment, it doesnt go far to explain why these stereotypes have prevailed over centuries and across borders. This may be an even more difficult question to answer. Certainly society has learned by now, the consequences of the denigration and subjugation of one culture to another, and yet it practices freely the forming and perpetuation of the stereotypes that lead to little else but such denigration and subjugation. Completely without consequence, it seems Anglo-American society has placed labels of negative connotation upon members of its Mexican counterpart. Unflattering terms such as lazy, ignorant, superstitious, cheating, thieving and cowardly have consistently been used to describe individual Hispanics as well as the culture as a whole. The most logical explanation would be provided, in part by Powell, who relates the conflict between Anglo and Mexican Americans to the differences in their work ethic and socio-religious background. The Hispanic ethic is mostly a socialist one; that the ethic inherent in Catholic faith is best represented by that of communism and socialism. In Western society, communism is not only looked down upon, but essentially feared for its implications and threats to a comfortable Catholic lifestyle. These thoughts, wrapped sometimes in the panicky feeling that Communists are ten feet tall in Latin America, lead to the brutal stereotypes and bigotry that have seemingly become all-too common in the Western world (Powell, 4). In contrast, we understand that the Protestant ethic is one backed much more easily by the tenets of capitalism. This is not to say that Protestants are all Capitalists, and thus, by their very nature, coldhearted or cruel. Rather it is to explain that Protestantism was borne of a desire to escape the collective social order of the past, as much as it was a quest for religious freedom. The two, it was soon realized, are essentially inseparable because a communist society cannot permit religious freedom while at the same time, disallowing other such freedoms. Weber directly attributes this social stratification to religious doctrine. He points out that On superficial analysis one might be tempted to express the [socio-religious] difference by saying that the other-worldliness of Catholicism must have brought up its adherents to a greater indifference to the good things of this world, (40). By this superficial account, we can certainly see why the cultures might act the way they do. Such an explanation would fit the judicial whims of the party on either side of the argument. For Protestants, it can be used as a criticism of the ascetic ideals of Catholicism; for Catholics, it adds fuel to the argument that materialism results through the secularization of all ideals through Protestantism, (40). In this conflict, real or imagined, we can easily see how the stereotypes are perpetuated on each side of the divide. Weber goes on to explain how the occupations of adherents to each of these religious affiliations seem to differ, and how the economic development of the culture is reflected therein. In the past [the Catholics] have, unlike the Protestants, undergone no particularly prominent economic development in the times when they were persecuted On the other hand, it is a fact that the Protestants have shown a special tendency to develop economic rationalism which cannot be observed to the same extent among Catholics, (39-40). This is certainly not to say that the stereotypes placed upon the Catholic Mexican-Americans by their Anglo counterparts are in any way founded. This argument explains a difference between the two routes of socio-religious thought, rather than attempting to create a hierarchy between the two. That is, one ideology is not considered any better or worse than the other. Rather, in this manner we can account for egalitarian differences between the two. Works Cited Gibson, Charles, ed. The Black Legend. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1971. Gutierrez, Ramon A. When Jesus Came, The Corn Mothers Went Away. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. Jackson, Donald, ed. The Journals of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, vols. 1-2. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966. Meyer, Doris L. Early Mexican-American Responses to Negative Stereotyping. New Mexico Historical Review, 53, (1978): 75-91. Paredes, Raymund A. The Mexican Image in the American Travel Literature, 1831-1869. New Mexico Historical Review, 52 (1977): 5-29. . The Origin of Anti-Mexican Sentiment in the United States. The New Scholar, 6 (1977): 139-65. Powell, Phillip Wayne. Tree of Hate. 1971. Vallecito, CA: Ross House Books, 1985. Simpson, Lesley Byrd, ed. The Letters of Jose Senan, O. F. M. Trans. by Paul D Nathan. Ventura County Historical Society, 1962. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York, NY: Charles Scribners Sons, 1958.

How I See Myself essays

How I See Myself essays I must put aside my ego. No matter how special, extraordinary, and unique I'd like to think I am, who I am is really a reflection of many other things put together. Numerous parts of different jigsaw puzzles pieced together to form a new picture. Vital pieces of whose absences would have made another person, not the one I am. I always say I'm different. Never quite what people expect on a first impression. One friend said she thought I was a nerd before she knew me. Another one was surprised to find out that I listen to rock music while studying. And there were still some others who didn't know I had a few loose screws in my head until they found themselves laughing at my jokes and then realizing that I was capable of conceiving out-of-this-world ideas. There's so much more to me than meets the eye, and I don't expect to run out of surprises very soon. I have assimilated from the different people who have influenced my life. I am made up of layers of my different sides. Each layer is not a mask, but a distinct and genuine part of me; innumerable traits converged into one personality. Perhaps the most defining factor in my whole personhood was my upbringing. My parents effectively instilled virtues into my once blank mind, and now I've established a very stable moral foundation for myself. That probably resulted in my 'immunity' to censorship because exposure to suggestive or explicit concepts such as violence only opened up my mind, but never tainted my moral values. I became aware of the many hard-to-swallow realities in the world, nevertheless discerning the right from the wrong. My principles are solid, and I rarely find myself following the tide, though not so much that I am alienated, but rather, playing on a different beat in the same harmony. My mother influenced me to be what she calls a "Renaissance woman" – possessing versatility in various fields, yet excelling in more than one ability. It's important to strike ...

Truman and his exchanges of messages with pope pius XII and its Essay

Truman and his exchanges of messages with pope pius XII and its consequences - Essay Example In his first letter to the Pope, he stated that he was dully elected and would ensure that the people in the country lived in a peaceful nation. However, in this letter, he insinuated that the nature of the church was to adore politics and war. The president openly expressed his idea of not calling the Pope His Holiness as this was a title that was only befitting God. Since he was not God or anything closer to God, he would only refer him with his official names. At this point, he also stated that the government was principled to ensure that the church would not meddle in the businesses conducted by the government (Muehlenbeck, 45). Therefore, the church would not be involved in the internal affairs of the government. If the government would include the church in their internal affairs, it would be a retrogressive drill. For instance, he stated that Europe was undeveloped because of indulgence of the church in its internal affairs. In addition to this, the president stated that the c hurch was the leader in instigating war, while pretending to spread peace in the country (Devine, 32). The president included a stern warning that was directed towards the church, stating that the great nation would not be duped into accepting the ways of the wicked. These messages were monumental in that they were directed towards making a peaceful coexistence in the American democracy. In this letters, the Pope openly expressed he need to have urgent solutions to the problems that were in the country. In his letters, he expressed the need to have American relief streams that would help the people, in the war and even after the war that had erupted (Dolezalova, Martin and Papousek, 29). In addition to this, the Pope expressed the need to put the national interests a first priority. With this, he meant that they all were to ensure that the war was not extended to other parts of the country. To maintain a peaceful environment, the Pope suggested that the government should explore all the possibilities that could be used (Burleigh, 11). This was also to ensure there was an end to human suffering which was mostly caused by hostility arising from the conflict in the country. With these events, it is evident that the church and the president were not in agreement. The church was in line with making a peaceful existence in the country, while the president was concerned with the church’s indulgence in the politics of the nation. As such, their differences were not contained (Potworowski, 13). This led to a drift between the church and the president, with the president insisting that the Pope had no powers to control the interests of the country. For instance, in a letter addressed to the Pope, the president openly expressed his concerns of the â€Å"catholic culture† and how it could influence the country if it were given the mandate to govern the world again (Gaddis, 28). In his support, the president also inclined the fact that the government would no t spend its hard earned resources in sending young people to help other people. Though he expressed the need for peace in the United States of America, it was sheer irony (Suderman, 32). The president was not doing anything to control the eruption of war, yet he was on the frontline in condemning the church against their indulgence in the internal affairs of the country. In relaying all the letters addressed to the president, the Pope openly

Writing Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Writing Process - Essay Example The purpose of the first step is to make the writer comprehend the details of the task. Thereafter, the writers should limit their subject based on the length of their essay, audience, purpose, and what is known regarding the subject. When the writers have decided the topic to tackle, they should organize and collect facts and ideas up to the moment they are ready to come up with the main idea that they want to write about, or a thesis statement (Heller, 1991). Even before the writers embark on the real writing, it is important to decide the manner in which they want to organize their resources into an essay. This is particularly a critical decision that establishes how their audience will respond, which will be based on how clear the essay will be. Organizing of the ideas could be very easy sometimes because the task points out a specific outline of development (Peters, 1985). The mistakes made while making this draft can be corrected during the second or third draft. Here, the writer should ensure that every aspect is accomplished in each stage. When the writers are prepared to undertake the revision, they can begin by drawing a revision checklist to be used to enhance the essay. When critically reading from paragraph to paragraph or from sentence to sentence, it is possible to assess the effectiveness of the essay. This can be started by checking the thesis statement, to establish its accuracy. If it is found that the statement has drifted away from the original objective, then it can be revised or the part that departs from it can as well be deleted or revised so it is relevant (Blaxter, Hughes and Tight, 2006). To finalize the essay, the sentences should be looked over carefully to make sure they are effective, correct, and interesting. In case there is need to delete or add any sentence, this is the opportunity to do so.  In case there is need to delete or add any sentence, this is the opportunity to do so. Then, the writer should scrutinize the word use and make any necessary adjustments, including any substitutions or additions that might be necessary are done.  

Develop Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Develop Assignment - Research Paper Example Prospecting – it was seen that the major problem of the new advisors was lack of prospects to do presentation and it was seen that they need to be trained on this area to make them more productive agents This training program shall be an interactive so as to ensure participation of all and to meet the needs of as many as possible. In all sessions there will be a feedback and question and answer session. Also the more experienced sales managers will also be incorporated into the session to give real life practical situations. Mock reality sessions will also be used to help the participated to appreciate the trainings. This training program is mainly for financial advisor, sales managers and sales business support officers as these are the individuals that the interact with the company’s clients and drive the sales turnover the company and in turn affect the profitability of the company Assessment will include two papers on the last day one written and verbal presentation including mock presentations to evaluate to the extent to which the advisors achieve the expected learning outcomes. Immediate feedback and evaluation shall be given for further continuing

Promissory estoppel is now a mature doctrine

Promissory estoppel is now a mature doctrine â€Å"Promissory estoppel is now a mature doctrine. Its role is to mitigate some of the harshness of the doctrine of consideration by protecting those who reasonably rely on promises. Its full potential can only be reached if the court permits its use not merely as a shield, but as a sword, where appropriate. The decision of the Court of Appeal in Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v Marks and Spencer plc [2001] therefore represents a missed opportunity to clarify and modernise the law. Promissory estoppel is an important tool in equity to create fairness within contract law. It deals specifically with consideration, which as a doctrine holds the parties that have entered into a contract to which they both intend to be bound. Therefore the parties must have the capacity to be bound to the contract; as well as the intention to be bound by the contract. There must be a value to amount to consideration, which does not necessarily have to be monetary[1]. Consideration can be a right, interest, service, benefit to one party and sufficient detriment to the other party. [2] Consideration does not have to be equal on both sides; one party may only leave a nominal amount of consideration[3] As long as there is sufficient intention and the terms are not vague then the law will not get involved in business dealings; therefore the courts will infer intention[4]; as long as the consideration for that particular business dealing illustrates that there is sufficient consideration. [5] Insufficient consideration is any act where the duty is already imposed by law or a valid contractual duty. However, there are exceptions to the rules, because consideration at times can be deemed as far too harsh. The case of Williams v Roffey Bros[6] held that consideration could be inferred in a pre-existing contractual duty if there was further consideration that could be inferred. For example this case recognized that the contractor would be subject to a significant late charge, if he did not re-negotiate his contract with the subcontractor to finish on time. Therefore the renegotiation of the pre-existing duty saved the contractor a loss of money, which the courts held as sufficient consideration. However, in the case of paying a partial debt there can never be consideration. The rule in Pinnel’s Case[7] was confirmed in the case of Foakes v Beer[8] where it was held that part payment of a debt could be held as consideration because there was an existing contractual duty. The rule in Pinnel’s Case is that promissory estoppel is an invalid action when it comes to the part payment of debt, unless it is paid in full and benefits both parties. The reasoning behind this is that p art payment of debt is inequitable because the person who is supposed to benefit from the consideration is put at a detriment and therefore defeats on of the central tenants of consideration, which one party is at a sufficient benefit whilst the other party is at a sufficient detriment. There are circumstances where promissory estoppel is possible in regards to a reduced payment of a price or fee. The case of Central London Property Trust v High Trees House Ltd[9] is such a case, because the political and social environment was drastically changed. The two parties where a property owner and a business tenant, who then leased the property as flats to other individuals residentially. An agreed business tenancy price came into question during WWII, because of the bombings in London the situation made it impossible for the renter to pay the whole rent due to the bombing and lack of tenants. Here equity stepped and promissory estoppel was used, because it would be unfair to make the rent er pay the whole rental amount due to the circumstances. In addition the agreement by the property owner to accept less due to the WWII inferred intention, because otherwise the landlord would receive no rent because the renter would have vacated the premises; and no other businesses would have taken up the tenancy during the war. This is a very specific scenario, where WWII could have amounted to frustration of the contract, because the war would have made it impossible for the renter to satisfy the contract and an act of war is outside his ambit of control. After the High Trees case the courts extended the doctrine of promissory estoppel in the case partial full partial payment of a debt; however if it were revealed that the re-negotiation was due was an action of duress that forced the creditor to agree to the new credit agreement then equity could not step in with the doctrine of promissory estoppel. One such case that illustrates that equity will only aid those with clean hands is the case of D C Builders v Rees[10] where Rees discerned that the building company was in financial distress and tried to use this to her advantage by offering a smaller payment in full or nothing. This amounted to duress, because the knowledge that Rees had of the problems that D C Builders were facing was used as a sword against a fair and equitable outcome. The key factor that surrounds the doctrine of Promissory Estoppel is that it originates out of equity and aims to create a just outcome, as in the High Trees Case. In the case of D C Builders the use of Promissory Estoppel was for unjust purposes and equity could not aid Rees, because an injustice would occur. High Trees is the case that the modern doctrine of Promissory Estoppel has developed from; however it was the Hughes Case that the doctrine originated from, where a landlord’s actions gave the tenant contrary belief in the events surrounding a notice to repair. Tool Metal Manufacturing Co Ltd v Tungsten Electric Co Ltd[11] case allows for suspension of payment to be reverted back to active payment as long as reasonable notice is given. This also means with the reasonable notice that the creditor can also receive compensation for the suspended payments; therefore ensuring that there is not a case of part payment of debt, because the interest can keep running. The only exception to this is an agreement of an early settlement, with a lump sum that is considered reasonable by both parties. The Tool Metal Case and the Hughes Case point to the doctrine of promissory estoppel being a shield and not a sword of equitable justice, because it believes that consideration plays an essential part of contract law. To eradicate the harshness of consideration may allow individual like Rees in the D C Builders Case to use Promissory Estoppel for unfair and unjust purposes. However, the High Trees Case that is the key case for the modern doctrine of Promissory Estoppel seems to be pointing in a different direction, i.e. that the doctrine is a sword against the harshness of consideration. In this case WWII made it impossible for the original contract to be kept to, hence the parties re-negotiated during this period. The case of Coombe v Coombe[12] argued that the doctrine in High Trees could not be identified as a sword against the doctrine of consideration; rather it can only be used as a defense to an action and in the interests of justice. The cases of Re Wyven Developments[13] an d Evenden v Guildford City AFC[14] argued that Coombe v Coombe was incorrect and that the doctrine of Promissory Estoppel could be used as a sword; as well as a shield if justice and equity dictated. The Coombe approach makes sense by ensuring that the rules surrounding contract law are upheld and ensuring that certainty in contracts remain; otherwise there would be a mass confusion where courts could get too involved in business contracts. English law is based on a laissez faire system, where business dealings should be free from the ministrations of parliament and the courts; as long as just and both parties were capable to enter the contract. As Mitchell argues, parties enter a contract with specific expectations and to turn these upside down would be a breach a fundamental principle of contract law: While we could dismiss this as assimilating reasonable expectation with contractual rights, and therefore making the appeal to reasonable expectation redundant, it is clear that many appeals to reasonable expectation rely upon an institutional or contract law-based source for such expectations. Reiter and Swan, for example, write that '[t]he assumption is that the fundamental purpose of contract law is the protection and promotion of expectations reasonably created by contract'. If 'contract' here is taken in a legal, rather than a social sense, then the utility of reasonable expectations as a counter-contractual reference point is in danger of disappearing.[15] Therefore in the light of the essential principles of contract law and the doctrine of consideration the decision of Baird v MS[16] would have been the correct decision, otherwise there would be a free for all for parties to argue that the contract is unjust and flagrant actions of Promissory Estoppel would occur. However, Promissory Estoppel would still remain as a defense in cases where the situation dictated that there would be an unjust outcome if the contract was upheld in its present form. The case of Baird v M S, Baird used Promissory Estoppel as an action to enforce what Baird classed as an unwritten contract. In other words Baird was arguing that the long term relationship between the two created a reasonable expectation that there was an ongoing business relationship, which could only be altered or terminated with reasonable notice; as per the Tool Metal Case. The Court of Appeal however decided against this approach, because the reason that M S did not enter a written co ntractual agreement was for flexibility and the option of changing suppliers if market forces dictated this route. Also the Court of Appeal stated that the lack of a (legal) contract was determinative for the court. The estoppel claim was also thought likely to fail, since estoppel cannot be used to create a cause of action. It was remarked that, despite the close relationship between the parties, 'businessmen must be taken to be aware that, without specific contractual protection, their business may suffer in consequence.[17] However, this argument seems to be very one-sided, because as with the High Trees Case the situation in Baird v M S does indicate that there was intention to create some form of business and contractual relationship that benefited both parties. In fact the long history of Baird supplying the goods could be inferred as terms and conditions of the contract; however the lack of a written contract seems to be an excuse for the Court of Appeal to open up Prom issory Estoppel as an action; as opposed to just a defense. Therefore, as Mitchell argues the decision in Baird v M S could be taken either way because both sides were arguing certainty of contracts and reasonable expectation; however the determining factor not to find a contract was because of public policy reasons NOT to make Promissory Estoppel a cause of action (a Sword) and open the floodgates to further actions: One can see how a 'reasonable expectations' argument can be used to support Baird or M S, but each relies on a different basis for the reasonable expectation. Baird will have non-contractual reasonable expectations concerning the parties' mutual obligations, based upon their experience of the previous thirty years. M S, on the other hand, have reasonable expectations based on their strict legal rights, and supported in the judgement, that there is no contract and hence the relationship can be terminated at will-an institutional interpretation of reasonable expectation†¦ This result does not support the attempt to make contract law more sensitive to the social dimension of agreement-making, but undermines it by privileging the legal framework in the resolution of the dispute.[18] Bibliography: J. Beatson (2002) Anson’s Law of Contract 28th Edition, Oxford University Press Hooley (1991) Consideration and Existing Duty JBL 19-35 David Kelly, Ann Holmes Ruth Hayward (2002) Business Law 4th Edition, Cavendish Ewan McIntyre, (2004) Business Law, Longman McKendrick, 2005, Contract law, text, cases and materials, second edition, Oxford University Press Mitchell, 2003, Leading a Life of its own? The Roles of Reasonable Expectation in Contract Law, OJLS 23 639 Stallworthy (1994) Case Comment: Variation of Contracts, ICCR 5(7) Chris Turner (2004) Unlocking Contract Law, Hodder Arnold Footnotes [1] Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 15 [2] Combe v Combe (1951) 2 KB 215 [3] Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd (1960) AC 87; Mountford v Scott (1975) [4] White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 [5] Collins v Godefroy (1831) 109 ER 1040 [6] [1991] 1 QB 1 [7] (1602) 5 Co Rep 117a [8] (1884) 9 App Cas 605 [9] [1947] KB 130 [10] [1966] 2 KB 617 [11] [1955] 1 WLR 761 [12] [1951] 2 KB 215 [13] [1974] 1 WLR 1097 [14] [1975] QB 917 [15] Mitchell, 2003, Leading a Life of its own? The Roles of Reasonable Expectation in Contract Law, OJLS 23 639 [16] [2001] unreported [17] Mitchell, 2003, Leading a Life of its own? The Roles of Reasonable Expectation in Contract Law, OJLS 23 639 [18] Mitchell, 2003, Leading a Life of its own? The Roles of Reasonable Expectation in Contract Law, OJLS 23 639

Symmetrical Communication Essay -- Business, Win-Win Solutions

Introduction This essay will argue for an extended role for dialogue and relational communication in public relations practice. The rhetorical turn that public relations has taken over the last ten years as well as the expanded role that public relations practitioners need to play as organizational counsellors is discussed. Several case studies are examined and used to support the arguments for an expanded role of public relations advocacy and management. Body Effective definition of symmetrical communication Grunig and Hunt (1984) defined symmetrical communication as† the management of communication between organizations and its publics† (p. 6). Symmetrical communication is interactive behaviour in which two or more systems construct thoughts and attitudes together so that they behave in ways that are either â€Å"collaborative or symbiotic† (Grunig, 1989. P. 13). Explanation of symmetrical communication The symmetrical communication is important because it concerns the degree to which the organization adapts to or cooperates with its environment (Grunig 1984). The purpose of symmetrical communication is to adjust the relationship between the organization and its environment. With symmetrical communication publics can change organization and organization can change publics. This form of external communication can form and improve relationships because it involves â€Å"creating a sense of openness, trust, and understanding between the organization and the key public, as well as a willingness to negotiate, collaborate, and mediate solutions to issues of concern to both the organization and critical publics† (Bruning &Ledingam 1999: 158). Symmetrical communication serves as a tool for negotiation and compromise, a... ...s, 1990). The communication style of organizational members (such as grocery store cashiers) can affect the attitudes of persons outside of the organization. If the effect is positive, those persons become more willing to tell others about the service, such as recommending a grocery store. Even though the service is courteous, however, customers are not significantly more likely to do other favours, such as purchase more products (Ford, 1995). In remember that organizations attempt to assimilate into the values, institutions, and expectations of society at large. Organizations attempt to get people who are not its members to support its goals, whether to buy products, donate funds, support public education, or whatever. Organizations are not likely to last long if they attempt to stand alone and are ignorant of or unresponsive to their environment. Symmetrical Communication Essay -- Business, Win-Win Solutions Introduction This essay will argue for an extended role for dialogue and relational communication in public relations practice. The rhetorical turn that public relations has taken over the last ten years as well as the expanded role that public relations practitioners need to play as organizational counsellors is discussed. Several case studies are examined and used to support the arguments for an expanded role of public relations advocacy and management. Body Effective definition of symmetrical communication Grunig and Hunt (1984) defined symmetrical communication as† the management of communication between organizations and its publics† (p. 6). Symmetrical communication is interactive behaviour in which two or more systems construct thoughts and attitudes together so that they behave in ways that are either â€Å"collaborative or symbiotic† (Grunig, 1989. P. 13). Explanation of symmetrical communication The symmetrical communication is important because it concerns the degree to which the organization adapts to or cooperates with its environment (Grunig 1984). The purpose of symmetrical communication is to adjust the relationship between the organization and its environment. With symmetrical communication publics can change organization and organization can change publics. This form of external communication can form and improve relationships because it involves â€Å"creating a sense of openness, trust, and understanding between the organization and the key public, as well as a willingness to negotiate, collaborate, and mediate solutions to issues of concern to both the organization and critical publics† (Bruning &Ledingam 1999: 158). Symmetrical communication serves as a tool for negotiation and compromise, a... ...s, 1990). The communication style of organizational members (such as grocery store cashiers) can affect the attitudes of persons outside of the organization. If the effect is positive, those persons become more willing to tell others about the service, such as recommending a grocery store. Even though the service is courteous, however, customers are not significantly more likely to do other favours, such as purchase more products (Ford, 1995). In remember that organizations attempt to assimilate into the values, institutions, and expectations of society at large. Organizations attempt to get people who are not its members to support its goals, whether to buy products, donate funds, support public education, or whatever. Organizations are not likely to last long if they attempt to stand alone and are ignorant of or unresponsive to their environment.